Applied Systems Engineering

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Author(s): Michael J. Ryan; R. Ian Faulconbridge
ISBN: 978-1-921138-13-3
Pages: 348
Published: 2021
Subject: Management
Format: Print

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Overview

This book provides a basic but complete coverage of the management of complex technical projects and, in particular, of the discipline known as systems engineering through which that management is conducted. We offer a framework encapsulating the entire systems engineering discipline, clearly showing where the multitude of systems engineering activities fits within the overall effort. The framework provides an ideal vehicle for understanding the complex discipline of systems engineering.

We take a top-down approach that introduces the philosophical aspects of the discipline and provides a framework within which the reader can assimilate the associated activities. Without such a reference, the practitioner is left to ponder the plethora of terms, standards and practices that have been developed independently and often lack cohesion, particularly in nomenclature and emphasis. The field of systems engineering is often viewed as dry, detailed, complicated, acronym-intensive and uninteresting. Yet, the discipline holds the solution to delivering complex systems on time and within budget, and avoiding many of the failures of the past. The intention of this book is both to cover all aspects of the discipline and to provide a framework for the consideration of the many issues associated with engineering complex systems.

Our secondary purpose is to describe a complex field in a simple, easily digested manner that is accessible to a wide spectrum of readers, from students to professionals, from novices to experienced practitioners. It is directed at a wide audience and aims to be a valuable reference for all professions associated with the management of complex technical projects: project managers, systems engineers, quality assurance representatives, integrated logistic support practitioners, maintainers, and so on.

In line with the top-down approach of systems engineering, we focus in this book on the early stages of the system life cycle since the activities in these stages have the greatest impact on the successful acquisition and fielding of a system. In the interests of balance, however, we use the systems engineering framework to provide an overview of all other aspects related to systems engineering.

This applied systems engineering book is used as a text for a number of professional education and university courses, as well as for a number of in-house courses. In particular, it is complimentary to attendees on the edVirtus Systems Engineering--Introduction and Systems Engineering--Advanced training courses delivered by the authors Dr Ian Faulconbridge and Dr Mike Ryan. The text also supports the Coursera Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) Introduction to Systems Engineering.

Table of contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ENGINEERING	1
1.1 What is a System?	2
1.1.1 Definition of a System	3
1.1.2 Types of Systems	4
1.1.3 A System and its Environment	4
1.1.4 A System as a Product	5
1.1.5 A System as a Capability—A Capability System	6
1.1.6 Logical and Physical Descriptions of a System	7
1.1.7 Hierarchical Descriptions of a System	9
1.1.8 Collections of Systems	11
1.1.9 Problem Domain and Solution Domain	14
1.2 System Life Cycle	14
1.2.1 Parties Involved	16
1.3 Acquisition and Utilization Phases	17
1.3.1 Acquisition Phase	18
1.3.2 Utilization Phase	21
1.3.3 Retirement Phase	21
1.4 Systems Engineering and Development Approaches	21
1.5 What is Systems Engineering?	22
1.5.1 Top-Down Approach	23
1.5.2 Requirements Engineering	25
1.5.3 Focus on Life Cycle	26
1.5.4 System Optimization and Balance	26
1.5.5 Integration of Disciplines and Specializations	27
1.5.6 Management	28
1.6 Systems Engineering Relevance	28
1.7 Systems Engineering Benefits	29
1.8 Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation	32
1.8.1 Analysis	32
1.8.2 Synthesis	33
1.8.3 Evaluation	33
1.9 A Systems Engineering Framework	33
1.9.1 Systems Engineering Processes	35
1.9.2 Systems Engineering Management	36
1.9.3 Systems Engineering Tools	36
1.9.4 Related Disciplines	36
1.1 Summary	37
1.11 Revision Questions	37


2 REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING FRAMEWORK
2.1 Introduction	45
2.1.1 Concepts, Needs and Requirements	45
2.1.2 What is a Requirement?	49
2.1.3 Requirements Characteristics and Attributes	50
2.1.4 What Not How	53
2.1.5 Emergent Properties	54
2.2 What Is Requirements Engineering?	54
2.2.1 Why We Need Requirements	55
2.2.2 Why We Need Requirements Engineering	56
2.3 Requirements Elicitation and Elaboration	56
2.3.1 Difficulties in Eliciting and Elaborating Requirements	59
2.3.2 Techniques for Eliciting/Generating Requirements	61
2.4 Requirements Validation	67
2.5 Requirements Documentation	68
2.6 Requirements Management	69
2.6.1 Requirements Change Management	69
2.6.2 Change Management—Traceability	69
2.6.3 Requirements Management Tools	70
2.7 Requirements-Engineering Tools	72
2.7.1 Requirements Breakdown Structure (RBS)	73
2.7.2 Functional Flow Block Diagrams (FFBD)	74
2.8 Summary	76
2.9 Review Questions	76

3 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
3.1 Introduction	85
3.2 C1—Define Business Needs and Requirements	86
3.2.1 C1.1—Identify Major Stakeholders and Constraints	87
3.2.2 C1.2—Elicit Business Needs	90
3.2.3 C1.3—Scope System	105
3.2.4 C1.4—Define Business Requirements	111
3.2.5 C1.5—Finalise Business Needs and Requirements (BNR)	114
3.3 C2—Define Stakeholder Needs and Requirements	115
3.3.1 C2.1—Define Stakeholder Needs	115
3.3.2 C2.2—Define Stakeholders Requirements	116
3.3.3 C2.3—Finalise Stakeholder Needs and Requirements (SNR)	118
3.4 C3—Define System Requirements	118
3.4.1 C3.1—Establish Requirements Framework	121
3.4.2 C3.2—Perform Requirements Analysis and Allocation	121
3.4.3 C3.3—Draft System Requirement Specification (SyRS)	125
3.4.4 C3.4—Define Technical Performance Measures (TPM)	126
3.4.5 C3.5—Conduct System Requirements Reviews (SRR)	131
3.4.6 Engineering Management Considerations	132
3.5 C4—Conduct System-Level Synthesis	133
3.6 C5—Conduct System Design Review (SDR)	135
3.7 Review Questions	137

4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
4.1 Introduction	141
4.2 Subsystem Requirements Analysis	141
4.3 Requirements Allocation	145
4.3.1 Identify Candidate Subsystems	146
4.3.2 Group and Allocate Requirements	150
4.3.3 Confirm Subsystem Selection	153
4.4 RBS versus WBS	154
4.5 Interface Identification and Design	155
4.5.1 Interface Control Document (ICD)	155
4.5.2 Types of Interface	158
4.5.3 Interface Control Working Group (ICWG)	159
4.5.4 Interface Definition Using the N2 Diagram	160
4.6 Subsystem-Level Synthesis and Evaluation	161
4.6.1 Review Sources of Subsystem Requirements	161
4.6.2 Investigate Design Alternatives	162
4.6.3 Make Optimal Use of Design Space	168
4.6.4 Selecting the Preferred Solution	173
4.7 Preliminary Design Review (PDR)	173
4.8 Tools	175
4.8.1 Schematic Block Diagrams	176
4.8.2 Physical Modelling	176
4.8.3 Mathematical Modelling and Simulation	177
4.8.4 Trade-Off Analysis	178
4.8.5 Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE)	182
4.9 Review Questions	184

5 DETAILED DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
5.1 Introduction	187
5.2 Detailed Design Requirements	187
5.3 Detailed Design of Hardware	189
5.3.1 Generic Hardware Detailed Design Process	190
5.3.2 Preparing for Detailed Hardware Design	190
5.3.3 Performing Detailed Hardware Design	191
5.3.4 Proving the Detailed Hardware Design	193
5.3.5 Documenting the Detailed Hardware Design	194
5.4 Detailed Design of Software	196
5.4.1 Software Design Process	196
5.4.2 Preparing for Software Design	197
5.4.3 Performing Detailed Software Design	197
5.4.4 Documenting the Detailed Software Design	198
5.5 Integrating System Elements	199
5.6 Detailed Design Reviews	201
5.6.1 Equipment/Software Design Reviews	201
5.6.2 Critical Design Review (CDR)	201
5.7 Review Questions	204

6 CONSTRUCTION AND/OR PRODUCTION
6.1 Introduction	207
6.2 Production Requirements	207
6.3 Engineering Management Issues	210
6.3.1 Major Audits	210
6.3.2 Major Reviews	214
6.3.3 Configuration Management	215
6.4 Review Questions	215

7 OPERATIONAL USE AND SYSTEM SUPPORT
7.1 Introduction	217
7.2 Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System (FRACAS)	220
7.3 Retirement	222
7.5 A Final Thought: Systems Engineering and Sustainable Development	225
7.4 Review Questions	226

8 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
8.1 Introduction	229
8.2 Technical Review and Audit Management	229
8.3 Test and Evaluation	232
8.3.1 Developmental Test and Evaluation (DT&E)	234
8.3.2 Acceptance Test and Evaluation (AT&E)	235
8.3.3 Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E)	236
8.3.4 Test Management	237
8.3.5 Testing Activities and the System Life Cycle	237
8.3.6 Test and Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP)	242
8.4 Technical Risk Management	243
8.4.1 Risk Identification	245
8.4.2 Risk Analysis	246
8.4.3 Risk Treatment	247
8.4.4 Risk Management Documentation	248
8.5 Configuration Management	248
8.5.1 Establishing the Baselines	249
8.5.2 Configuration Management Functions	250
8.5.3 Configuration Management in Acquisition and in Utilization	255
8.5.4 Configuration Management Documentation	255
8.6 Specifications and Standards	257
8.6.1 Specifications	257
8.6.2 Standards	260
8.7 Systems Engineering Management Planning	262
8.8 Review Questions	265

9 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING STANDARDS
9.1 Standards	269
9.1.1 MIL-STD-499B—Systems Engineering (Draft)	269
9.1.2 EIA/IS-632—Systems Engineering	275
9.1.3 IEEE-Std-1220—IEEE Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process	277
9.1.4 ANSI/EIA-632—Processes For Engineering A System	284
9.1.5 ISO/IEC 15288 System And Software Engineering—System Life Cycle Processes	290
9.1.6 SAE1001: Integrated Project Processes for Engineering a System	293
9.1.7 Other Useful Standards	294
9.2 Review Questions	296

10 RELATED DISCIPLINES
10.1 Introduction	299
10.2 Project Management	299
10.3 Quality Assurance	304
10.4 Integrated Logistics Support	305
10.5 Operations	306
10.6 Software Engineering	306
10.7 Hardware Engineering	308
10.8 Review Questions	309

11 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
11.1 Introduction	311
11.2 Waterfall Development	312
11.3 Incremental Development	314
11.4 Evolutionary Development	317
11.5 Prototyping and System Development	319
11.6 Spiral Development Model	321
11.7 Agile Development	323
11.8 Summary	324
11.9 Review Questions	324

GLOSSARY	327

INDEX	331